🌐 Module 2: Electromagnetic Wave Propagation (6 Hours)

Topics:

  • Free-space propagation model

  • Reflection, refraction, diffraction, and scattering

  • Fresnel zones and line-of-sight considerations

  • Multipath propagation and fading

  • Propagation models:

    • Two-ray ground reflection

    • Okumura-Hata model

    • COST-231 model

    • ITU-R model

  • Atmospheric and environmental effects on signal transmission

 

 

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