🌐 Module 2: Electromagnetic Wave Propagation (6 Hours)

Topics:

• Free-space propagation model

• Reflection, refraction, diffraction, and scattering

• Fresnel zones and line-of-sight considerations

• Multipath propagation and fading

• Propagation models:

  • Two-ray ground reflection

  • Okumura-Hata model

  • COST-231 model

  • ITU-R model

• Atmospheric and environmental effects on signal transmission