🔹 Module 2: PLC Programming Languages (12 Hours)

2.1 Ladder Logic (LD)

• Basic components: contacts, coils, timers, counters

• Creating logic diagrams similar to electrical schematics

• Interlocking, latching, and sequence control

2.2 Function Block Diagram (FBD)

• Functional blocks: AND, OR, timers, counters

• Signal flow and modular logic representation

• Suitable applications in process industries

2.3 Structured Text (ST)

• Syntax and structure

• Variables, control structures (IF, CASE, FOR)

• Advantages in complex logic and arithmetic operations

2.4 Practical Exercises

• Writing and debugging ladder programs

• Simulating basic industrial tasks (conveyor, motor start/stop)

• Converting logic between LD ↔ FBD ↔ ST