📘 Unit 4: Smart Grid Security and Privacy
4.1 Security Challenges in Smart Grids
Vulnerabilities in control systems and communication

Attack vectors: spoofing, denial-of-service, malware

4.2 Cybersecurity Protocols and Measures
Encryption, authentication, and access control

Intrusion detection systems (IDS)

Blockchain-based security in smart grids

4.3 Privacy and Regulatory Compliance
Data privacy in smart metering

Compliance with GDPR and local regulations

Consumer trust and transparency

🛠️ Practical Tools and Hands-On Training
Software & Tools Used:
GridLAB-D: Simulation of smart grid components and DERs

OpenDSS: Distributed systems modeling and analysis

IoT Hardware Kits: For lab-based sensor-network integration

SCADA Simulation: For supervisory control exercises

Projects and Workshops:
Design and simulate a smart grid for a small community

Create a smart meter interface with real-time monitoring

Implement a secure communication protocol between grid devices